The article aims to compare the taxation of the self‑employed in Poland and other EU countries. We show that, for years …, Poland has been at the forefront of EU countries with the highest self‑employment rates. Our analysis indicates that many … people in Poland chose the status of self‑employed, guided by tax optimization. Due to large differences in the burden of …

expenditures in Poland and Germany resulting from the war in Ukraine. The research is based on a dynamic stochastic general … Poland than in Germany. Furthermore, the empirical results indicate that in the Polish economy, defence spending also …