Various approaches to optimal monetary policy have been used to select time-invariant policy rules, including the timeless perspective approach by Woodford (1999) and the unconditional expected utility criterion of McCallum (2000). In this paper, we argue instead that policy rules should be...

We analyze a new panel data set that includes balance sheet information, measures of expected default risk, and credit spreads on publicly-traded debt for more than 900 firms over the period 1997Q1 through 2003Q3. We obtain precise time-specific estimates of the financial frictions parameter...

We compute the optimal Ramsey policy in a New Keynesian model where the steady state suffers from monopolistic and tax distortions. We show that the optimal monetary policy in this environment displays asymmetric responses to shocks to optimally inflate the economy (slightly) at times when it...