Using comprehensive data for West Germany, this paper investigates the determinants of establishment exit. We find that between 1975 and 2006 the average exit rate has risen considerably. In order to test various “liabilities” of establishment survival identified in the literature, we...

Using a large administrative dataset for Germany, this paper compares employment developments in exiting and surviving establishments. For both West and East Germany we find a clear “shadow of death” effect reflecting lingering illness: establishments shrink dramatically already several...

The paper presents the results based on the survey about the development of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Poland. The authors present the owner’s opinions of NGOs managers. Moreover, the authors presented characteristics of the non-governmental organizations and the area of their...