This study examines the empirical relationship between the volatility indices VDAX as well as VDAX-New and the stock market index DAX. Extending prior international evidence, we document a negative relationship between the implied volatility indexes and the stock market index for the German...

Closed-end ship funds (KG-funds) have been an important form of capital investment for private investors for many years. They also represented the most successful financing instrument of German tramp ship-owners in the past. In spite of their great importance for the economy overall, closed-end...