The paper maps practically all European states between, on the one hand, the US and UK belligerents in the Iraq operation 2003 and, on the other hand, their main critics France, Germany, and Russia. We describe these patterns and tentatively try to explain them. Whereas we reject public opinion,...

Twenty years ago, in the pages of the Journal of Common Market Studies, Hedley Bull launched a searing critique of the European Community's 'civilian power' in international affairs. Since that time the increasing role of the European Union (EU) in areas of security and defence policy has led to...