exporting and productivity shows that exporters on average are more efficient than nonexporters. If that is the case we may also …

?s productivity. We compare outsourcing in domestic with foreign-owned establishments. Our empirical results suggest that high wages …-owned firms have higher levels of outsourcing than domestic establishments. In the productivity analysis we find that an … establishment?s outsourcing intensity is positively related to its labour productivity and total factor productivity growth and that …

international division of labour. We concentrate on the question, to what extent they have caught up with the productivity level of … their Western counterparts of similar size and sector and how this productivity difference is related to changes in their … policy and productivity information for individual manufacturers from both parts of the country. Using a decomposition …

). The empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that barriers to entry, aimed at reducing competition, lower research …

positively related to research and development investments, while openness to trade has a negative effect. I also find the …. However, in both sub-samples, research and development investments Granger-cause intellectual property protection levels …, whereas surprisingly, intellectual property protection does not Granger-cause research and development investments. …