In the coming years, the pension system in Germany will face financial challenges. The insurance within pension system must also be strengthened, especially given that the risk of old-age poverty has increased over the years. An effective basic pension that guarantees a minimum amount and is...

This study quantifies gender-specific differences in retirement income in Germany, Denmark, and France. We show that the "gender pension gap" in Germany is higher than in France and much higher than in Denmark. This ranking is similar to the ranking in the gender pay gap, where Germany has also...