Women are less willing than men to compete against others. This gender gap can partially explain the differences … striving towards gender equality, this opens up new possibilities for institutionalizing competitive pressure. …

gender pay gap. However, there are also large differences in earnings between men and women within occupations. These … profession-specific gender pay gaps are smaller in professions with a high proportion of employees in the public sector. This … finding indicates that more transparency with respect to earnings could reduce the gender pay gap in the private economy. …