Using exogenous deposit windfalls from oil and natural gas shale discoveries, we demonstrate that bank branch networks help integrate U.S. lending markets. We find that banks exposed to shale booms increase their mortgage lending in non-boom counties by 0.93% per 1% increase in deposits. This...

Post-crisis stress tests have altered banks' credit supply to small business. Banks most affectedby stress tests reallocate credit away from riskier markets and toward safer ones. They also raiseinterest rates on small loans. Quantities fall most in high-risk markets where stress-tested banksown...

This paper shows that banks raising deposits in more concentrated markets have more funding stability, which enhances banks' ability to extend longer-maturity loans. We show that banks raising deposits in concentrated markets exhibit less pro-cyclical financing costs and profits, which in turn...