We ask whether recent changes in monetary policy due to the financial crisis will be temporary or permanent. We present evidence from two surveys — one of central bank governors, the other of academic specialists. We find that central banks in crisis countries are more likely to have resorted...

This paper studies the influence of central bank lending operations on the announcement effects of European banks’ seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). We find that larger participation in lending operations is associated with more negative cumulative abnormal returns following the announcement....

How would a central bank digital currency impact the balance sheets of the central bank and commercial banks? To tackle this question empirically, we propose a constraint optimisation model that allows individual banks to choose how to respond to deposit outflows, minimizing their costs subject...