Open shop scheduling problems (OSSP) are highly significant in engineering and industry, involving critical scheduling challenges. The job type determines the duration required for material transfer between machines and remains unaffected by distance, eliminating any waiting time for transfers....

This study proposes a modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm based on Hummingbird Flight (HBF) patterns to enhance the search quality and population diversity. The HBF has five concepts: (1) Smaller steps toward position updating are more likely than larger ones, (2) Position...