for the United States but also with reference to the wider world. We establish the outlines of international integration a … century ago and analyze the institutional and informational impediments that prevented the late nineteenth century world from … achieving the same degree of integration as today. We conclude that the world today is different: commercial and financial …

We consider the operation of international capital markets in two periods of globalization, before 1914 and after 1971 … international monetary framework was responsible for the relatively short-lived and mild nature of pre-World War I financial crises …

Despite the major advances in information technology that have shaped the recent wave of globalization, openness to … suggests that a particular threat and a limiting factor to globalization and its future developments may be militarist …

We examine the evidence of contagion during the pre World War I era and the interwar and contrast our findings with the …