macroeconomic risk, investors reduce direct investment and hold more bank deposits. This ‘flight to quality’ leaves banks flush with … liquidity. Inside banks, given lack of observability of effort, loan officers (or risk takers) are compensated based on the … volume of loans but are penalized if banks suffer a high enough liquidity shortfall. Outside banks, when there is heightened …

Using a comprehensive dataset from German banks, we document the usage of sovereign credit default swaps (CDS) during … the European sovereign debt crisis of 2008-2013. Banks used the sovereign CDS market to extend, rather than hedge, their … protection selling in CDS, the effect being weaker when sovereign risk is high. Bank and country risk variables are mostly not …

suggest that improving bank access to branching affects the sectoral specialization (or diversification) of output, in a …We document that the deregulation of bank branching restrictions in the United States triggered a reallocation across …