In this study, we present an overview of the alternative instruments for pollution control. We have included a review of theoretical foundations of market-based incentive instruments and a discussion of the disadvantages of the market-based incentive approach. Most of the study, however, is...

In this paper we develop an analytical general equilibrium framework to measure the foreign exchange premium and the premium for non-tradable outlays for a country. The framework allows us to capture in a consistent manner the impacts of the sourcing of funds and their expenditure on tradable...