It is well-known that maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the autoregressive parameter of a dynamic panel data model with .xed eects is inconsistent under .xed time series sample size (T) and large cross section sample size (N) asymptotics. The estimation bias is particularly relevant in...

This paper overviews maximum likelihood and Gaussian methods of estimating continuous time models used in finance. Since the exact likelihood can be constructed only in special cases, much attention has been devoted to the development of methods designed to approximate the likelihood. These...