We consider a Kronecker product structure for large covariance matrices, which has the feature that the number of free parameters increases logarithmically with the dimensions of the matrix. We propose an estimation method of the free parameters based on the log linear property of this...

We propose a Kronecker product structure for large covariance or correlation matrices. One feature of this model is that it scales logarithmically with dimension in the sense that the number of free parameters increases logarithmically with the dimension of the matrix. We propose an estimation...

Deep learning has substantially advanced the state of the art in computer vision, natural language processing, and other fields. The paper examines the potential of deep learning for exchange rate forecasting. We systematically compare long short-term memory networks and gated recurrent units to...