Our study investigates the effect of Japanese horizontal keiretsu group membership on firm risk and return. Like prior studies, our results show that horizontal keiretsu membership has a negative effect on firm profitability. However, we find that horizontal keiretsu networks are likely to...

Our study investigates the effect of Japanese keiretsu group membership on firm risk and return. Like prior studies, our results show that keiretsu membership has a negative effect on firm profitability. In contrast to prior studies, however, we find that most of our risk measures are positively...