the period 1989-2002. We find that German outward FDI increases in response to positive cyclical developments abroad and …

The choice between foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports has been a recurrent theme in the literature on … study the FDI-versus-exports decision for banks. We use data on the foreign direct investment stocks and the cross … international expansion of banks. Our results also suggest that FDI and cross-border services are complements rather than …

investment (FDI) of nonfinancial firms, but little evidence is available for banks. This paper analyses whether banks have a …

productivity spillovers from FDI using establishment level data for the UK. We allow for different effects of FDI on establishments … matters for productivity spillover benefits. We find evidence for a u-shaped relationship between productivity growth and FDI …