The expansion of a given land use may affect deforestation directly if forests are cleared to free land for this use …. Unlike direct land conversion, indirect land-use changes affecting deforestation are not immediately observable. They require …

for payments for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD). Given that REDD will not represent a …

This paper investigates the direct and indirect impacts of ethanol production on land use, deforestation and food … of direct land competition between rival uses increases deforestation and decreases food production. Second, an indirect … displacement of food production across regions, provoked by a shift in the price of food, increases deforestation and reduces the …

Although protected areas, or “parks”, are among the leading policy tools used to stem tropical deforestation, rigorous … relatively little deforestation—have only recently begun to appear. An important open question is how the stringency of …

The environmental integrity of a mechanism rewarding Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD …