All Annex B parties but Russia, Australia and USA, have ratified the Kyoto Protocol so far. It is still an open … question whether Russia will ratify and secure that the Protocol enters into force. This paper therefore analyzes consequences … Protocol. Environmentally, implementation of the Kyoto Protocol without participation from Russia and Ukraine is obviously …

starting point is the uncertainties about future natural gas exports from Russia and LNG-producing countries. Our results …

natural gas prices have remained below their long-run marginal cost for more than a decade since Russia's movement toward a … introduce netback pricing of natural gas after 2011. Netback pricing refers to the process of equalizing the gas price in Russia … concludes that netback pricing can help Russia to avoid a gas deficit. However, the gas supply in Russia will remain tight until …