the US, Austria, the UK, Germany, and the Netherlands. A central question discussed is whether these tests can be …: countries with rather restrictive citizenship regimes such as Austria or Germany have opted for a citizenship test with a … Deutschland Einbürgerungstests mit einem liberalen Inhalt eingeführt haben, der nicht nur dem britischen, sondern auch dem …

, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Hungary, and Russia. As well as using standard relative poverty definitions the paper examines flows …