Since their inception in 1995, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Gender-Related Development Index (GDI …) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) have been criticized on conceptual and empirical grounds. In 2005-6, the UNDP's Human … adjusting the recommendations, making concrete proposals for two gender-related indicators, and presenting illustrative results …

Using cross-country and panel regressions, we investigate to what extent gender gaps in education and employment … (proxied using gender gaps in labor force participation) reduce economic growth. Using the most recent data and investigating … analysis to employment gaps using panel data. We find that gender gaps in education and employment considerably reduce economic …

The European employment strategy initiated in 1997 is critically dependent upon the further integration of women into … the labor market. The European Union has set a specific target employment rate for women of 60 percent by 2010 and is also … committed to providing more and better child care facilities. This gender focus is reinforced by the requirement for gender …

allocation of time in both paid and unpaid work. Gender divisions relating to working time arise primarily from differences in … gender divisions within the household but the extent and form that these gender divisions take in the labor market are … different implications for gender equality. Current interests in greater flexibility in working time are leading to pressures to …

women. In part, this limited impact reflects the continuing gender blindness of most employment policy analysis and …This article reviews the experience of gender mainstreaming within the European Employment Strategy - an experience … argument that increasing women's employment is critical to the achievement of Europe's aspirations for a higher employment rate …