The European Union's strategy to raise employment is confronted with very low work participation among many minority … and host country ethnicity to explain that deficit. It introduces a two-dimensional understanding of ethnic identity, as a … immigrants. Using unique German survey data, the paper identifies marked gender differences in the effects of ethnic …

. Empirical evidence studying economic behavior like work participation, earnings and housing decisions demonstrates the …

ethnicity of individuals, measured by country of origin, remains relevant. …

-stage structural probit model is employed that determines the willingness to work full-time (against part-time employment and not … working), and the choice between full-time paid work and self-employment. The choices are determined by the reservation wage … for full-time work, and the perceived earnings from working in paid-employment and as entrepreneur, among other factors …

for both natives and immigrants. For both Germans and immigrants, we find that gender significantly and differentially …