The European Union's strategy to raise employment is confronted with very low work participation among many minority … and host country ethnicity to explain that deficit. It introduces a two-dimensional understanding of ethnic identity, as a … immigrants. Using unique German survey data, the paper identifies marked gender differences in the effects of ethnic …

immigrants in Germany show that ethnic identity is important for the decision to work and significantly and differentially … affects the labor force participation of men and women. Women who exhibit the integrated identity are more likely to work than …