We investigate the causal effect of patent rights on cumulative innovation, using large-scale data that approximate the …

makes it vital to undertake efforts and investments in the area of science, technology, and innovation, especially in … interrelation between national defense and science, technology and innovation, the general characteristics of the Navy's main …

We study the blocking effect of patents on follow-on innovation by others. We posit that follow-on innovation requires … freedom to operate (FTO), which firms typically obtain through a license from the patentee holding the original innovation …. Where licensing fails, follow-on innovation is blocked unless firms gain FTO through patent invalidation. Using large …