We present evidence on the role of the social environment for the development of gender differences in competitiveness … and earnings expectations. First, we document that the gender gap in competitiveness and earnings expectations is more … causally affects girls' willingness to compete and narrows both the gender gap in competitiveness as well as the gender gap in …

also face more discrimination in the labour market, the consequences of overeducation are likely to differ by gender. Using … address the country's currently underutilised human capital, for the benefit of the females themselves, as well as males, and …

private than in the public sector. Our test results show that, contrary to the public sector, there are no gender differences …