poverty indices using SOEP data from 1991-2012. We distinguish between parental and publicly provided childcare, which is an … increasingly important in-kind benefit in Germany. We find that both multidimensional inequality and poverty declined as expanded …

that they take the underlying sources of income differences into account. In contrast to this evidence, current measures of … poverty. We provide two empirical applications of our measure. First, we analyze the development of inequality in the US from …