-effectiveness of many public spending programmes, while leaving some room to cut the high tax-to-GDP ratio. This paper identifies the …

the inflation tax. Accordingly, continued effort is likely to be needed to attain a fiscal position that is sustainable …

A weakness of decentralization and overall tax reforms in Latin America is the lack of attention to adequate taxation … range of subnational tax instruments might be considered, but interactions between new tax assignments and the system of …

Social protection in industrial countries has been provided through regulations, tax expenditures, and public spending … level of recent decades. Specifically, tax competition among jurisdictions, ballooning electronic commerce, and increased … mobility of the factors of production will likely cause significant falls in tax revenue in future years. The paper concludes …

São Tomé and Príncipe is very open and highly depends on imports resulting in high indirect tax revenue. At the same … time, the production and export base are very narrow, leaving the authorities with a small domestic tax base. For these … in percent of GDP. The paper describes the domestic tax system in São Tomé and Príncipe and uses cross-country empirical …

tools, including pension reform, tax base broadening (and, if necessary, rate hikes), improved tax administration and some …