"Financial systems are inherently fragile because of the very function which makes them valuable: liquidity … transformation. Regulatory reforms can strengthen the financial system and decrease the risk of liquidity crises, but they cannot … between monetary policy and liquidity transformation 'optimal' monetary policy would consist of a modified Taylor rule in …

We show that emergency liquidity provision by the Federal Reserve transmitted to non-U.S. banking markets. Based on … lending and borrowing rates of banks with and without such access. U.S. liquidity shocks cause a significant decrease in the …