This paper studies the market microstructure of pre-industrial Europe. In particular we investigate the institution of … merchant towns in Central and Western Europe from the late 13th to the end of the 17th century. We show that towns implemented …

Black Death struck most areas of Europe and the wider Mediterranean. Based on a modified version of the gravity model, we …

the 1790s and later under Napoleon invaded and controlled large parts of Europe. Together with invasion came various …