As measured by the pace of city growth in western Europe from 1000 to 1800. absolutist monarchs stunted the growth of …

The post-World War II reconstruction of Western Europe was one of the greatest economic policy and foreign policy … that transferred some $13 billion to Europe in the years 1948-51. We examine the economic effects of the Marshall Plan, and … role in setting the stage for post-World War II Western Europe's rapid growth. The conditions attached to Marshall Plan aid …

the 1790s and later under Napoleon invaded and controlled large parts of Europe. Together with invasion came various …