Small and young businesses are essential for job creation, innovation, and economic growth. Even most of the superstar …

ways of defining manufacturing and service employment as point of departure - according to the industry classification of … is far less pronounced than generally perceived. Manufacturing and service employment numbers based on the occupations of … workers deviate markedly from the employment numbers based on the industry classification of employers. The decline in …

Skilled labor is a key input to the innovation process. A shortage in supply of skilled labor may hence impede … innovation activities, resulting in lower productivity gains. While governments are concerned about these likely negative impacts …, there is only limited empirical evidence whether and to what extent labor shortage affects innovation activities. The paper …

Union. In the first three chapters we address the micro level of individual life courses: education, employment and income … mounting scientific evidence that various forms of educational, employment and financial inequalities increase over time …

innovation can be systematically distorted. This paper builds a simple model of endogenous technology, which generalizes existing … comparative static results and characterizes potential distortions in the direction of innovation. I show that empirical findings …

of low-carbon energy innovation. These include both improvements in physical capital, such as smart grids to aid … document recent trends in energy innovation and discuss the lessons learnt for policy. We then discuss the potential role for … complementary innovation in both physical capital--using smart grids as an example of how policy can help--and human capital, where …

of inventors applying for the first patent after completing education or being in the highest quartile of citations …