Does access to education facilitate the emergence of a human capital elite from which social activists, and thus, social change can emerge? Assembling a city-level panel of the political, intellectual, and economic elite throughout German history, we find that the opening of schools providing...

1. Introduction : giving meaning to civic innovation / Kees Biekart, Wendy Harcourt and Peter Knorringa -- 2. The institutional foundations of civic innovation / Georgina M. Gomez and Holly A. Ritchie -- 3. Change actors and civic innovators : who triggers change? Systematising the role of...

The empirical literature is inconclusive about whether a country’s democratization has a long-lasting impact on former supporters or opponents of the bygone regime. With newly available individual-level data of former residents of the socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR), we analyze how...