In response to strong revenue and income losses that a large share of the self-employed faced during the COVID-19 pandemic, the German federal government introduced a €50bn emergency aid program. Based on real-time online-survey data comprising more than 20,000 observations, we analyze the...

We explore the role of social capital in the spread of the recent Covid-19 pan­demic in independent analyses for Austria, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Swe­den, Switzerland and the UK. We exploit within-country variation in social capital and Covid-19 cases to show that high-social-capital...

This paper studies the spread of the Black Death as a proxy for the ow of medieval trade between 1346 and 1351. The Black Death struck most areas of Europe and the wider Mediterranean. Based on a modified version of the gravity model, we estimate the speed (in kilometers per day) of transmission...

Das Projekt „Airbus" war lange Zeit aufgrund der hohen Subventionierung umstritten. Die Kritik hat sich gelegt, weil inzwischen meist angenommen wird, daß die Airbus-Industrie keine substantielle staatliche Förderung mehr erfährt. Wie umfangreich ist die staatliche Förderung aber tatsächlich?