of intended and unintended knowledge spillovers for innovation output at the firm level. Among intended knowledge … spillovers, using knowledge from patents shows the strongest link to innovation output, particularly in case of product … knowledge source operate in a market environment characterized by high price competition, which incentivizes an innovation …

knowledge spillovers are unmeasurable, a 'goodness of fit' measure is constructed using innovation survey data. It turns out …In this paper it is tested which of the various alternative approaches for constructing knowledge spillover pools … that measures of the uncentered correlation of firm characteristics seem to fit actual knowledge spillovers best. Direct …

Sunk costs for R&D are an important determinant of the level of innovation in the economy. In this paper I recover them … created the incentives for firms to pay the costs of investment. Trade-induced innovation reinforced the selection effect by …