This paper is concerned with exploring the implications of replicability issues over the medical innovation process … institution governing the testing effort. Research and innovation policy implications are discussed. …

Recent empirical evidence has shown that firm’s innovation behavior exhibits high persistency but not much is known … environment and asks how local knowledge spillovers affect firms' innovation persistence. The empirical analysis draws upon a … representative panel data set of firms in Germany from 2002-2016, complemented by detailed geographic information of patent activity …

patent files. Other sources represent unintended knowledge spillovers, such as reverse engineering of technologies or hiring … workers from other firms. Based on data from the Community Innovation Survey, this paper analyses the role of different types … of intended and unintended knowledge spillovers for innovation output at the firm level. Among intended knowledge …

-ups with experienced inventors holding a patent at the time of receiving the first round of investment produce the largest …