Public procurement accounts for 15 to 20 percent of global GDP and is considered an effective innovation policy …

public procurement tenders. However, there is no direct or broad empirical evidence on its innovation impact. There are even … doubts about its effectiveness as an innovation policy tool, as it does not require innovations as part of its contracts and …

of the hypotheses raised in this literature. It employs the data of the first wave of the Mannheim Innovation Panel …&D we also used the concept of total innovation expenditures to capture the importance of non R& D innovation activities … which are especially important for small firms. (3) We give reliable estimates on the occurrence of R&D and innovation …