for politicians. We exploit variation in sex ratios - the number of men divided by the number of women in a region … - across Germany induced by WWII. In the 1990 elections, women were more likely to run for office in constituencies that had … election. These results suggest that while women were more likely to run for a seat in parliament in constituencies with lower …

history, we find that the opening of schools providing secondary education for women increased their representation among the … higher human capital, connecting women to form a social movement. We find no evidence of other city-specific indicators of … increasing representation of women among the human capital elite, as the opening of gender-specific schools has no impact on the …