plant size. We further find lagged negative effects on the (citation-weighted) number of filed patents. …

We document the occurrence of process claims in granted U.S. patents over the last century. Using novel data on the … type of independent patent claims, we show an increase in the annual share of process claims of about 25 percentage points … (from below 10% in 1920). This rise in process intensity is not limited to a few patent classes but can be observed across a …

individual-level data, our findings suggest that the Öresund Bridge led to a significant increase in the number of patents per …

We study the causal impact of invalidating marginally valid patents during post-grant opposition at the European Patent … participation of a patent's original examiner in the opposition division as an instrument. We find a disciplinary effect of … invalidation: Affected inventors file 20% fewer patent applications in the decade after the decision. This effect is entirely …