Skilled labor is a key input to the innovation process. A shortage in supply of skilled labor may hence impede … innovation activities, resulting in lower productivity gains. While governments are concerned about these likely negative impacts …, there is only limited empirical evidence whether and to what extent labor shortage affects innovation activities. The paper …

Tournaments are often used to improve performance in innovation contexts. Tournaments provide monetary incentives but …

Sunk costs for R&D are an important determinant of the level of innovation in the economy. In this paper I recover them … created the incentives for firms to pay the costs of investment. Trade-induced innovation reinforced the selection effect by …