normal retirement age in Germany did not prolong employment of older men. The reason for this surprising result is that … retirement option for the long-term insured. Bridge options allowed employers to terminate employment considerably earlier than … of the bridge options. Therefore mainly employers with high employment adaption costs induced employees to use a bridge …

To assess the influence of nonstandard employment for the labor market participation of different demographic groups …, we provide detailed descriptions of the development of atypical employment in comparison to standard employment …, unemployment, and economic inactivity between 1996 and 2011. In our analyses, we distinguish between fixedterm employment, solo …

(unemployment scarring). It is not clear, however, whether this scarring is only caused by employment-related factors, such as … worsened working conditions, or increased future uncertainty as regards income and employment. Using German panel data, we … identify non-employment-related scarring by examining the transition of unemployed people to retirement as a life event after …