information about supply cuts for identification and find that gas supply and demand shocks have large and persistent price … effects, while output effects are rather moderate. The 2022 natural gas price spike was driven by adverse flow supply shocks … and positive storage demand shocks, as Germany filled its inventories before the winter. Counterfactual simulations of an …

German banks, this paper explores how regionally less diversified banks in Germany adjusted their loan loss provisioning … following the severe summer flood of 2013, which affected widespread regions mostly in Eastern Germany. The analysis uses a … difference-in-differences estimation with banks being allocated to the treatment and control group based on the region of their …

estimation of price reactions on the basis of unit values. We compare two specifications that have been proposed in this context …-true quantity and quality elasticities. Expenditure elasticities are close, but we find large differences in price elasticities and …