The fundamental right to gender equality has played an important role in Germany's more recent constitutional history. The rulings of the Federal Constitutional Court (FCC, Bundesverfassungsgericht) and other courts have developed doctrinal standards that are relevant to anti-discrimination...

This paper exploits the diversity of panels at the court of appeals in the state of São Paulo to address the role of career backgrounds and ideology in shaping the response of judicial decisions to a major shift in jurisprudence on drug offenses. The Brazilian constitution reserves 80% of the...

Because judges exercise discretion in how they handle and decide cases, heterogeneity across judges can affect case outcomes and, thus, preferences among litigants for particular judges. However, selection obscures the causal mechanisms that drive these preferences. We overcome this challenge by...