hostile behavior exhibited by managers. The motivations driving managers to adopt such behaviors are insufficiently understood …. To explore this phenomenon, we conducted a laboratory experiment examining the relationship between managers' use of … unfriendly leadership and labor market competition. We discern two labor market states: excess labor demand, where managers …

misalignment between managers and the firm, these two purposes are in conflict. This is because the worker with the largest private …: employees that create lower expected profits as managers have yet better promotion prospects. That finding still holds when the … firm owner optimally chooses the promotion rule, the degree of delegation, and wage payments to both employees and managers …