countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden) for the period between 1965 and the mid-1990s. Results … Netherlands, Belgium and Austria) that were already reluctant in the early years to set up language courses for immigrants still … Einwanderungsländern (Österreich, Belgien, Frankreich, Deutschland, Niederlande und Schweden) zwischen 1965 und Mitte der 1990er Jahre. Die …

, Germany and the Netherlands, we test the assumption that cash is still the most efficient payment instrument, and the idea …, France and Germany. Yet, they are not so crucial in the Netherlands, which exhibits a significant share of low-value card …

localities in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, we explore a crucial individual-level mechanism: perceptions of diversity. We …