This paper studies the market microstructure of pre-industrial Europe. In particular we investigate the institution of … merchant towns in Central and Western Europe from the late 13th to the end of the 17th century. We show that towns implemented …

; Soloselbstständigkeit ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Europa …

historic and present initiatives in Europe, Asia and Latin America with reference to the original Keynes Plan. We show that …

Black Death struck most areas of Europe and the wider Mediterranean. Based on a modified version of the gravity model, we …