'", the biggest civil organization at the time, were negatively correlated. Using coal potential as an IV for identification …

analyse the effect of both, coal and oil on economic growth between 1900 and 2015, exploiting variation at the level of … European NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions. We show that the reversal of fortune of coal regions resulted from the second energy … transition. Specifically, an “oil invasion” in the early 1960s turned regional coal abundance from a blessing into a curse. Human …

coal and oil on long-run economic growth, exploiting variation at the level of European NUTS-2 and NUTS-3 regions over the … last century. We show that an "oil invasion" in the early 1960s turned regional coal abundance from a blessing into a curse … key mechanism behind this reversal of fortune. Not only did former coal regions fail to accumulate sufficient levels of …