hostile behavior exhibited by managers. The motivations driving managers to adopt such behaviors are insufficiently understood …. To explore this phenomenon, we conducted a laboratory experiment examining the relationship between managers' use of … unfriendly leadership and labor market competition. We discern two labor market states: excess labor demand, where managers …

complexity and uncertainty. We exploit quasi-random assignment of employees to managers and study the role of frontline managers … administrative data and panel survey data from before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, we find that frontline managers who were …