have a war bias that is so strong that they prefer war occurring with high probability whereas citizens prefer peace …What can be done to reduce the likelihood of future wars? While states’ decisions that bear on war are ultimately made … future wars. This thesis can be broken down into two claims: first, there is a war bias of political leaders; second, people …

, but are less costly and render them more immune to exogenous shocks. We start with the modeling of a direct war with two … war where the proposed equilibria are realizable, but not always sustainable in the long run. The consolidation level of … the double principal-agent relationship predicts the continuation of conflict and thus the emergence of peace. …