What can be done to reduce the likelihood of future wars? While states’ decisions that bear on war are ultimately made … future wars. This thesis can be broken down into two claims: first, there is a war bias of political leaders; second, people … citizens have substantially divergent interests with respect to policies that risk the outbreak of war. Political leaders may …

, but are less costly and render them more immune to exogenous shocks. We start with the modeling of a direct war with two … war where the proposed equilibria are realizable, but not always sustainable in the long run. The consolidation level of …

We discuss the impacts of the Russian invasion on Ukrainian science. Using newly collected data, we show that the war … beginning of the war. Hence, reconstruction efforts should be focused on supporting scientists to continue in the research … sector and to return to Ukraine after the war has ended. …

the period from February 15th to March 29th, 2022. Treating the unanticipated start of the war in Ukraine on the 24 th of …